Transcending Boundaries:
艾可直播’s Catholics and Jews, 1929-1965
Jenny Goldstein
Chapter 1 Notes
1. Isaac M. Fein, 艾可直播 – Where it All began: An Historical Perspective of the 艾可直播 Jewish Community (艾可直播: 艾可直播 Jewish Bicentennial Committee, 1976), 1.
2. John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, wrote in 1630 that 艾可直播 shall be a "City upon a hill," on board the ‘Arabella’ on the Atlantic Ocean en route to America. John Winthrop, "A Modell of Christian Charity" in The Many Voices of 艾可直播: A Historical Anthology, 1630-1975, ed. Howard Mumford Jones and Bessie Zaban Jones (艾可直播: Little, Brown and Company, 1975), 7.
3. Thomas H. O’Connor, Bibles, Brahmins and Bosses: A Short History of 艾可直播, rev. 2d ed., (艾可直播: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of 艾可直播, 1984), 22.
4. Thomas O’Connor, Bibles, 29.
5. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People (艾可直播: Northeastern University Press, 1998), xii.
6. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People (艾可直播: Little, Brown and Company, 1951),117.
7. Thomas O’Connor, Bibles, 29.
8. Paula M. Kane, Separatism and Subculture: 艾可直播 Catholicism, 1900-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 50.
9. James Carroll, "艾可直播’s Jews and 艾可直播’s Irish." 艾可直播 Globe, 12 January 1992.
10. In fact, notable family names have permeated through 艾可直播, which has been called the most exclusive of all American cities. Cleveland Amory, The Proper 艾可直播ians (New York: EP Dutton and Co Inc, 1947), 12.
11. Cleveland Amory, The Proper 艾可直播ians, 13 and Jonathan D. Sarna "The Jews of 艾可直播 in Historical Perspective" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 9.
12. Thomas O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 11.
13. 艾可直播 Puritans traditionally expressed hostility to anything French and Catholic, but upon French intervention, their antipathy was subordinated under the necessity of securing aid in the struggle for independence. Thomas O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 12.
14. Thomas O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 16.
15. Thomas O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 17.
16. William M. Shannon, The American Irish: A Social and Political Portrait, 2d ed. (Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1966), 28.
17. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 531.18. William M. Shannon, American Irish, 27.
19. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 88.
20. William M. Shannon, American Irish, 183.
21. William M. Shannon, American Irish, 183.
22. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 90.
23. However, most of the covenant’s forty-four students were not Catholics, but Unitarians, daughters of 艾可直播’s aristocracy. Working class Congregationalists saw the covenant as upper class Unitarians and "foreign" Catholics uniting. Lawrence H. Fuchs, John F. Kennedy and American Catholicism (New York: Meredith Press, 1967), 47.
24. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground Lukas: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 77 and Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 64.
25. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 90.
26. Frederick A. Bushee, Ethnic Factors in the Population of 艾可直播 (New York: Arno Press, 1970, reprint, New York: MacMillian Company, 1903), 1.
27. The Catholic population of 艾可直播 also differed from other cities, because as the French priest l’Abbé and Félix Klein, professor at the Institut Catholique in Paris, observed in the late nineteenth century that the Roman Catholic Church in 艾可直播 was essentially an Irish one.
28. William M. Shannon, American Irish, 28, 182.
29. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 158.
30. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 159.
31. Thomas H. O’Connor, 艾可直播 Catholics, 129.
32. Paula M. Kane, Separatism and Subculture, 58.
33. Isaac M. Fein, 艾可直播, 1.
34. Franco was caught in a legal battle between Gibbons and the Dutch merchant Immanuel Perada about who would pay him. Franco found himself, without pay, stuck in America when the ship departed 艾可直播 for Holland. However, three months later, Franco gathered together money for his passage and left 艾可直播. Ellen Smith. "Strangers and Sojourners: The Jews of Colonial 艾可直播" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 23.
35. Jonathan D. Sarna, "The Jews of 艾可直播 in Historical Perspective" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 4.
36. 艾可直播 Jews did not erect their first synagogue, Kahal Kodosh Ohabei Shalom (The Holy Community Lovers of Peace), until 1843.Ellen Smith, "Strangers and Sojourners: The Jews of Colonial 艾可直播" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 24.
37. Gerald Sorin, A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920. The Jewish People in America, vol. 3 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992), 137
38. I used the term anti-Judaism because there had been a long history of anti-Jewish traditions. Wilhelm Marr only coined the term antisemitism in 1879 in his pamphlet ‘The Victory of Judaism over Germandom (Judentum ueber Deutschtum). Antony Polonsky, Walter Stern Hilborn Professor of Judaic Studies and Social Studies, Brandeis University, lecture notes, 30 January 2001.
39. Some Jews wanted to radically assimilate into Russian society and other Jews tried to create an autonomous Jewish community in Russia by establishing the Bund, composed of Yiddish socialists.
40. Notes from a 25 December 2000 lecture in Kiev, Ukraine by historian Paul Liptz, professor at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem.
41. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 25.
42. Founded in 1881 by East European Jews, HIAS intended to help their brethren acclimate to America. Irving Howe, World, 47.
43. Thomas H. O’Connor, Bibles, 123.
44. William A. Braverman, "The Emergence of a Unified Community, 1880-1917" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 74.
45. William A. Braverman, "Emergence" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 76 and Thomas O’Connor, Bibles, 115 and Gerald H. Gamm, "In Search of Suburbs: 艾可直播’s Jewish Districts, 1843-1994" in The Jews of 艾可直播, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Ellen Smith, 135.
46. Gerald Sorin, A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920. The Jewish People in America, vol. 3, 137.
47. Hecht House Report, 1953, Box 1, folder: history and purpose of Hecht House, Hecht House Papers American Jewish Historical Society ((from henceforth will be AJHS), Waltham, Mass.
48. Hecht House Report, 1953, Box 1, folder: history and purpose of Hecht House, I-74, AJHS, Waltham, Mass.
49. Gerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews left 艾可直播 and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 181.